IPM and Pesticides: Understanding Pesticides

When you hear the word “pesticide,” you might picture something toxic or dangerous. But in reality, pesticide is a broad term that covers many different tools—some natural, some synthetic, some safer than others. For homeowners, understanding what pesticides are and how they fit into Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is key to keeping your yard healthy without causing unintended harm.

What is a Pesticide?

A pesticide is any substance used to kill, repel, or control pests. The term includes:

Herbicides – control weeds (e.g., glyphosate, vinegar solutions).

Insecticides – control insects (e.g., neem oil, pyrethrins).

Fungicides – control plant diseases caused by fungi (e.g., copper, sulfur sprays).

Rodenticides – control rats and mice.

Other specialty pesticides – like molluscicides for slugs or miticides for spider mites.

Not all pesticides are synthetic. Many come from natural sources (like plant oils or minerals). The important thing is understanding how they work and their impacts.

How Pesticides Are Classified

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulates pesticides. Products are evaluated for effectiveness and safety before they’re approved for use. On the label, you’ll see one of three “signal words,” which indicate toxicity levels:

Caution – lowest toxicity (may cause mild irritation).

Warning – moderate toxicity (can cause skin or eye injury).

Danger – high toxicity (corrosive or poisonous; may cause serious harm).

Reading and following the label is not just advice—it’s the law.

The Role of Pesticides in IPM

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) emphasizes prevention and non-chemical methods first. Pesticides are just one tool among many, and they should only be used when:

The pest is correctly identified.

Non-chemical methods (like mulching, pruning, or hand removal) aren’t enough.

The product chosen is targeted and the least harmful option.

Examples:

Using herbicide carefully on Japanese knotweed when digging doesn’t work.

Spraying horticultural oil on fruit trees to control scale insects without harming pollinators.

Pesticide Risks and Misconceptions

Natural doesn’t always mean safe. Vinegar and salt, often recommended online, can damage soil and water systems more than approved herbicides.

Overuse doesn’t equal effectiveness. Applying too much can harm plants, kill beneficial insects, or pollute streams.

Runoff matters. In Seattle, stormwater flows directly into Puget Sound—misuse of pesticides can impact salmon and other wildlife.

Tips for Responsible Use

Always identify the pest before applying anything.

Spot-treat weeds or insects rather than blanket spraying.

Follow the label exactly: dosage, timing, and protective gear.

Store products safely, away from kids and pets.

Consider alternatives first: mulching, pruning, or beneficial insects often solve the problem without chemicals.

Conclusion

Pesticides are not inherently “bad” or “good”—they’re tools. When used thoughtfully within an IPM approach, they can solve tough problems without damaging your soil, water, or the wider ecosystem. For Seattle homeowners, the goal should always be healthy plants and healthy landscapes, with pesticides used sparingly, carefully, and only when truly necessary.